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The status of women in the Victorian era is often seen as an illustration of the striking discrepancy between the United Kingdom’s national power and wealth and what many, then and now, consider its appalling social conditions. During the era symbolized by the reign of British monarch Queen Victoria, women did not have suffrage rights, the right to sue, or the right to own property. At the same time, women participated in the paid workforce in increasing numbers following the Industrial Revolution. Feminist ideas spread among the educated female middle classes, discriminatory laws were repealed, and the women’s suffrage movement gained momentum in the last years of the Victorian Era.
Marriage and the home
In the Victorian Era women were seen in a domestic realm, providing their husbands with a clean home, food on the table and to raise their children. Women’s rights were extremely limited in this era, loosing ownership to their wages, all of their physical property, excluding land property, and all other cash they generated once married[1] When a Victorian man and woman married, the rights of the woman were legally given over to her spouse. Their mutual matrimonial consent therefore became a contract to give herself to her husband as he desired[3] One can make a connection between slavery and marriage, waiting on their husbands and giving in to their every whim and desire[4] Rights and privileges of Victorian women were limited, both single and married women had hardships and disadvantages they had to live with. Victorian women had disadvantages both financially and sexually, enduring inequalities within their marriages and social statuses, distinct differences in men and women’s rights took place during this Era. Providing men with more stability, financial status and power over their homes and women. (Kreps 83). Marriage for Victorian women became a contract [5] one of which was extremely difficult if not impossible to get out of during the Victorian Era. Women’s rights groups fought for equality and over time made strides to change rights and privileges, however, many Victorian women endured their husbands control, cruelty targeted against their wives; including sexual violence, verbal abuse and economic deprivation [6] and were given no way out. While husbands participated in affairs with other women wives endured infidelity as they had no rights to divorce on these grounds and their divorce was considered to be a social taboo [7]
"The Angel in the wholesale jerseys House"
By the Victorian era, the concept of "pater familias", meaning the husband as head of the household and moral leader of his family, was firmly entrenched in British culture. A wife’s proper role was to love, honour and obey her husband, as her marriage vows stated. A wife’s place in the family hierarchy was secondary to her husband, but far from being considered unimportant, a wife’s duties to tend to her husband and properly raise her children were considered crucial cornerstones of social stability by the Victorians. Women seen as falling short of society’s expectations were believed to be deserving of harsh criticism. Cheap Jerseys From CHINA
Representations of ideal wives were abundant in Victorian culture, providing women with their role models. She excelled in the difficult arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily . in short, she was so constituted that she never had a mind but preferred to sympathize always with the minds and wishes of others. Above all . she was pure. Her purity was supposed to be her chief beauty.[9]
"The Household General"
’The Household General’ is a term coined in 1861 by Isabella Beeton in her manual Mrs Beeton’s Book of Household Management. Here she explained that the mistress of a household is comparable to the commander of an army or the leader of an enterprise. To run a respectable household and secure the happiness, comfort and wellbeing of her family she must perform her duties intelligently and thoroughly. For example, she had to organise, delegate and instruct her servants, which was not an easy task as many of them were not reliable. Isabella Beeton’s uppermiddleclass readers may also have had a large complement of "domestics", a staff requiring supervision by the mistress of the house. Beeton advises her readers to maintain a "housekeeping account book" to track spending. She recommends daily entries and checking the balance monthly. In addition to tracking servants’ wages, the mistress of the house was responsible for tracking payments to trades such as butchers and bakers. If a household had the means to hire a housekeeper, whose duties included keeping the household accounts, Beeton goes so far as to advise readers to check the accounts of housekeepers regularly to ensure nothing was amiss.[10]
Beeton provided a table of domestic servant roles and their appropriate weekly pay scale ("found in livery" was the expression referring to the employer providing a domestic employee with meals and a work uniform). The sheer number of Victorian servants and their expected duties makes it clear why expertise in logistical matters would benefit the mistress of the house. Beeton indicates that the full list of servants in this table would be expected in the household of a "wealthy nobleman"; her readers are instructed to adjust staff size and pay according to the household’s available budget, and other factors such as a servant’s level of experience:[11]